Rural Migration in Nepal: Causes, Consequences, Strategies and the Role of Technology in Strengthening Rural Livelihoods

Abstract

An analysis of rural-to-urban and international migration in Nepal — its major causes (unemployment, infrastructure deficits, agricultural decline, and human–wildlife conflict), its socio-economic consequences for rural communities and traditional livelihoods, and strategies for mitigation. The study highlights how modern technology — digital services, agricultural innovation, and information access — can strengthen rural livelihoods and ease migration pressures.